TNF and benign prostatic hyperplasia: In prostate cancer, malignant tissue frequently harbors dense infiltrates of chronic inflammatory cells that drive high local and systemic levels of specific pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); notably, these chronic inflammatory infiltrates are a pervasive histological finding, observed in up to 80% of tissue samples involving benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer [3,12].