EPAS1 and neoplasm: For example, tumor cells may avoid the effect of drugs by changing their metabolic pathways, such as surviving by upregulating alternative amino acid metabolic pathways after using HIF-2α inhibitors, or resisting the oxidative stress caused by treatment by enhancing specific metabolic pathways (such as the synthesis of antioxidant glutathione) (Peng et al., 2025; Gavi et al., 2025; Li et al., 2024).