HIF1A and neoplasm: In addition, HIF-1/2α interacts closely with mTOR, MYC, PI3K/AKT, and other signalling pathways, jointly regulating multiple levels of tumor metabolism, including glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism (Badoiu et al., 2023; Yecies and Manning, 2011; Li et al., 2020).