IL1B and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, which has also been seen to be elevated in TB-T2DM patients, has been implicated in the upregulation of NAMPT, which in turn, results in elevated IL-8 secretion by pulmonary A549 cells (Ronacher et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2011).