INS and diabetes mellitus: DM, defined by chronic hyperglycemia (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), is classified into type 1 (T1DM), which is characterized by autoimmune β-cell destruction and reduction in insulin secretion (Knip & Siljander, 2008) and type 2 (T2DM), that is associated with insulin resistance developed due to poor lifestyle and obesity, leading to pancreatic damage and reduced insulin secretion (Banday et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020).