TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Animal studies further support LZD’s efficacy, showing that its combination with dietary restriction and exercise alleviates high-fat diet-induced metabolic complications, including obesity, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance, potentially through downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, and protein kinase B (Sun et al., 2022).