Future work should focus on (i) exploration and comparison of different doses schemes, (ii) optimization of spatial and temporal parameters, (iii) elucidation of the underlying immune and vascular mechanisms, and (iv) combination strategies with immunotherapy – such as PD-1/PD-L1 blockade – to exploit the potential for immune priming and improve outcomes in locally advanced or recurrent head and neck cancers. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is head and neck cancer.