TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Throughout pregnancy (V0-V7), regulatory networks analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that monocytes (CD14+) from control and RA donors, although not superimposable, are characterized by an M2 polarization (anti-inflammatory) phenotype, as evidenced by a downregulation of the interferon gamma (IFNG), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and HMGB1 pathways (Fig. 1C left and middle panel) over the course of visits (Tables S1–3).