Organoid models: The study “AS Organoids for Stem Cell Screening” in Stem Cell Reports constructed vascular organoids using iPSCs derived from AS patients with ApoE gene mutations—these organoids can simulate in vivo pathological features such as sub-endothelial lipid deposition, macrophage infiltration, and fibrous cap formation, and they are used to pre-evaluate the therapeutic effects of different stem cells (e.g., comparing the plaque stabilization ability of AD MSCs vs. iPSC-VECs) to reduce the gap between animal experiments and clinical practice (Amany et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene APOE and Alzheimer disease.