Mechanistically, upon proapoptotic signaling triggered by chemotherapeutic agents, ARTS translocated from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, where it induced autophagy through triggering seven in absentia homolog 1-mediated degradation of Livin and subsequent engagement of the mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2)–p53 axis, thereby promoting cancer cell survival. This evidence concerns the gene MDM2 and cancer.