TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: TNFα overexpression has also been directly implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—which encompasses Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (Aebisher et al., 2024)—, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Ding et al., 2023), and psoriasis (Jang et al., 2021).