Beyond subcutaneous assays, future work will assess cartilage repair in vivo using intra-articular osteochondral-defect and osteoarthritis models (immunodeficient mice) with intra-articular delivery of cNCC-iMSCs or chondrogenic spheroids, standardized readouts of engraftment, hyaline matrix formation, hypertrophy control (COL10A1 expression), integration, and structural/functional outcomes. This evidence concerns the gene COL10A1 and osteoarthritis.