Mn2+ ions enhance the sensitivity and activity of cGAS in this process.29 The resulting accumulation of cGAMP then activates the STING protein, initiating an immune response.46 The ability of Mn2+ ions to activate cGAS was discovered in 2018 by Zhengfan Jiang's laboratory,29 and since then, multiple nanoformulations containing MnO2 or Mn-containing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)47,48 have been shown to induce strong immune responses in cancer therapy. This evidence concerns the gene STING1 and cancer.