ATG4B and neoplasm: In contrast to most nanoparticle-based therapeutics, which predominantly rely on cytotoxic payloads or broad immunomodulatory effects [4,6,25,51], BCc1's nanochelation framework appears to engage a more sophisticated regulatory axis—potentially enhancing tumor-suppressive Beclin-1 signaling while concurrently attenuating pro-survival ATG4B and ATG7, alongside downregulation of the mTOR pathway.