SMAD7 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models, tRF-Val-CAC-005 binds to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of SMAD family member 7 (SMAD7) mRNA, reducing its mRNA stability and inhibiting translation, ultimately decreasing SMAD7 protein levels.