Obesity has also been shown to induce monocytosis of the intermediate and non-classical subsets, while transcriptomic analysis of monocytes in obese donors demonstrates increased expression of TLR4 and TLR8 and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNFα in response to LPS or ssRNA stimulation44. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.