While recent findings in other cancer types have highlighted the induction of PD-L1 expression on macrophages after cancer cell-derived EV treatment, this is a novel finding in PaCa with significant clinical implications.22,92,93 Studies in ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma have also revealed that macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells in the TME exhibit significant levels of functional PD-L1.94,95. Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.