Anti-inflammatory agents such as minocycline and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors (COXIBs), have been investigated in epilepsy; however, their efficacy has been inconsistent, and long-term safety concerns have limited their clinical utility, with several COXIBs (rofecoxib, valdecoxib, lumiracoxib) withdrawn from the market [86]. Here, PTGS2 is linked to epilepsy.