INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that can be classified into three main types: type 1 (destruction of beta cells, insulin dependent), type 2 (imbalance between insulin production and sensitivity), and gestational (manifests in pregnancy), with type 2 (T2D) being the most common (90% of diabetic cases), impacting more than half a billion people worldwide(6-8).