Participants were categorized into three groups: non-users of diabetes medications (n=271), users of non-GLP-1-based antidiabetic therapies (n=46), and users of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) or DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) (collectively termed GLP-1 targeting agents; n=26). The gene discussed is DPP4; the disease is diabetes mellitus.