In addition to CFD research, our previous studies have found that in AF patients, compared to non-cauliflower-type LAA, cauliflower-type LAA has higher local von Willebrand factor, interleukin-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and lower nitric oxide content, supporting the correlation between LAA morphology and local endothelial function (Xu et al., 2021). Here, IL6 is linked to atrial fibrillation.