VWF and atrial fibrillation: To determine whether a hypercoagulable state exists locally in the LAA of AF patients, our team's previous research found significant differences in levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, von Willebrand factor, interleukin-6, and platelet activation ratio in blood samples from the LA or LAA of AF patients compared to peripheral blood samples, but no “centripetal” distribution pattern for fibrinogen, D-dimer, and thrombin-antithrombin complex levels (Xu et al., 2021).