,32,33 Recent toxicological studies further support these results, showing that extreme temperatures can activate the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) pathway and exacerbate oxidative stress and airway inflammation in asthmatic mice,28,34 while NO2 exposure aggravates allergic airway inflammation through elevated IL-6, TNF-α, Th2 dominance, and reduced antioxidant capacity.35 Here, TNF is linked to inflammation.