Among them, endothelial activation and increased permeability may be early steps of vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis induced by IH involving multiple signaling pathways including catecholamines [52], VE–cadherin cleavage related to the VEGF and Src kinases signaling pathways [43, 53], ERK and JNK MAP kinases [54], NF‐κB [55], and the nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) [56]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and atherosclerosis.