Overexpression of UBA3 facilitates the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), Th2 cells, and T-regulatory cells (Tregs) by decreasing phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (p-IκBα) and improving the gene expression of tumor cell-derived cytokines in lung adenocarcinoma [56]. This evidence concerns the gene UBA3 and neoplasm.