AHR and chronic kidney disease: For example, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) models, cognitive impairment is correlated with serum levels of indoxyl sulfate, an AHR agonist.366 AHR-mediated blood‒brain barrier disruption appears to be an important mechanism involved in cognitive impairment in CKD patients.367 At the cellular level, excessive activation of AHR signaling through constitutive expression disrupts both the tangential and radial migration of neuronal precursors in the developing brain, which could impact cognitive function.