EPO and anemia (phenotype): For high-risk patients, the following measures should be considered: (1) early evaluation and correction of preoperative anemia through iron supplementation or erythropoietin administration when appropriate; (2) intraoperative monitoring of HB and hematocrit levels to guide timely transfusion or hemodilution correction; and (3) postoperative optimization of HB through minimization of blood loss, correction of coagulopathy, and implementation of individualized transfusion thresholds.