AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; E/e′: ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to mitral annular early diastolic velocity; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HTN: hypertension; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; TR velocity: tricuspid regurgitation velocity. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and heart failure.