By integrating baseline plasma bTMB, peripheral CD8+ T-cell levels, and early on-treatment ΔctDNA, the DIREct-On model successfully identified a high-score subgroup of NSCLC patients, treated with aPD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy, chemo-immunotherapy, or aPD-1 plus aCTLA-4, who experienced significantly longer PFS [167]. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.