CA9 and neoplasm: An acidic TME has been reported to activate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which promote angiogenesis, ECM remodeling, and immunosuppression, ultimately contributing to tumor progression.41,42 To determine whether the dysadherin/CA9 axis influences CAF activation, we examined a CAF-associated gene signature comprising genes involved in angiogenesis, ECM remodeling, and immunosuppression.