ITGA8 and diabetes mellitus: The third cluster, associated with inflammation, adhesion, and migration, was subdivided into two groups: detrimental proteins that impair vascular endothelium (e.g., Adam10 and Itga8) were upregulated in the DM group and downregulated by hUCMSCs, whereas beneficial proteins that support endothelial function (e.g., Ehbp1l1 and Clu) showed the opposite trend.