We found that three different p38 inhibitors (PD169316, SB203580, and TAK715) all prevented NAIP–NLRC4-dependent cell death during ΔospF infection (Fig. 2D), whereas use of Mirdametinib to inhibit MEK1/2 upstream of ERK1/2 had no effect (Fig. 2E). The gene discussed is NLRC4; the disease is infection.