Studies have shown that lactate signaling through GPR81 has multiple effects, such as inducing lipid accumulation (Cai et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009), favoring tumor growth (Yang et al., 2020b; Qu et al., 2021; Feng et al., 2017; Wagner et al., 2017), inflammatory regulation (Yang et al., 2020a; Madaan et al., 2017), and neuronal protection (Buscemi et al., 2021; Harun-Or-Rashid & Inman, 2018). This evidence concerns the gene HCAR1 and neoplasm.