RA: rheumatoid arthritis, OA: osteoarthritis, SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, ANN: artificial neural network, ML: machine learning, XGBoost: extreme gradient boosting, DLM: deep learning model, KL: Kellgren-Lawrence, SHAP: Shapley additive explanations, LN: lupus nephritis, LLM: large language model; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. Here, TNF is linked to osteoarthritis.