TNF and neoplasm: Elevated COX-2 expression has been correlated with poor prognosis, while its inhibition has demonstrated chemopreventive potential.12 Similarly, the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) enhances cancer progression by activating survival signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB) and promoting immune evasion.13 Angiogenesis is another critical hallmark sustaining tumor growth and metastasis.