Furthermore, these guidance molecules have been implicated in modulating inflammatory responses: Netrin-1 suppresses leukocyte migration (Rosenberger et al., 2009; Tadagavadi et al., 2010), Slit-Robo signaling regulates macrophage chemotaxis (Geraldo et al., 2021; Mommersteeg et al., 2015; Zhao and Mommersteeg, 2018), and Reelin influences vascular inflammation (Alexander et al., 2023; Krueger et al., 2020), suggesting their collective involvement in the neuro-inflammatory and cardio-inflammatory axes linking PD and HF. Here, NTN1 is linked to Parkinson disease.