NFKB1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: For example, TNF-α modulates lung function in AP by interacting with aquaporin-1, and hypoxia has been shown to alleviate AP-ALI by increasing aquaporin-1 expression and suppressing TNF-α levels.284 Similarly, thalidomide attenuates AP-ALI in rats by downregulating TNF-α expression through the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.285 In clinical research, infliximab, an anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, has been shown to significantly reduce the severity and mortality of pancreatitis in animal models.