An analysis of pancreatic tissues from patients who died of AP and those with non-pancreatic acute abdominal conditions revealed a marked reduction in T and B-cell expression in perinecrotic pancreatic tissue, which may indicate a poorer prognosis in AP patients.349 Furthermore, early changes in CD4+ T and CD19+ B-cell levels may help predict the risk of organ failure. Here, CD4 is linked to alkaline phosphatase measurement.