Mutations in BMP15 have been implicated in hypergonadotropic ovarian failure and female infertility.488BMP9 deficiency in rats causes hepatopulmonary syndrome, which is characterized by reduced oxygenation.489 Reduced endothelial BMP signaling in endothelial cells is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH),490 and BMPRII mutations are associated with heritable primary pulmonary hypertension.491 These findings underscore the broad pathophysiological roles of TGF-β/BMP signaling and identify potential therapeutic targets. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.