TGFB1 and neoplasm: BMP1 disrupts cell adhesion and stimulates TGF-β signaling in thrombospondin-1-rich microenvironments, influencing wound healing and tumor progression.331 The imprinted gene PEG10 is suppressed by TGF-β signaling and interferes with both TGF– and BMP–Smad pathways in chondrosarcoma, exerting dual roles in cell growth and invasion via AKT and p38 modulation,332 suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.