INS and cancer: More generally, failure to maintain ion homeostasis can lead to aging-related diseases, including channelopathies in cancer (Pi et al., 2007; Prevarskaya et al., 2018), defects in insulin signaling (De Marchi et al., 2021), Alzheimer’s disease (Song et al., 2024), and Parkinson’s disease (Zhuang et al., 2024).