DDIT3 and Parkinson disease: In a PD context, specifically performed on GT1–7 hypothalamic neuronal cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin that induces PD-like pathology, carnosine administration attenuated cell death and suppressed the expression of integrated stress response (ISR)-related genes, including the CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), the growth-arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 34 (GADD34), and the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4).