ACE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; HF, heart failure; SD, standard deviation; BI, Barthel index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; Hb, hemoglobulin; ALT, alanine transferase; TB, total bilirubin; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; MI, myocardial infarction; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; SMD, standardized mean difference