TNF and cancer: In tumor-bearing mice, EPA antagonizes the loss of skeletal muscle proteins in cancer cachexia by suppressing ATP-dependent proteolysis and the expression of 20S proteasome alpha-subunits and the p42 regulator,252 which can also prevent NF-κB nuclear accumulation, thereby dampening proteolysis-inducing factor-triggered ubiquitin‒proteasome proteolysis.253 DHA-phospholipid and EPA-phospholipid act against TNF-α-triggered lipolysis in adipocytes.254 The combination of free fatty acid receptor FFA1/FFA4 agonists (GW9508 and TUG891) with ALA/DHA reduces tumor weight in LLC mice.