IL1A and Cachexia: These phenotypes can be alleviated by a melanocortin receptor antagonist.349 IL-1 can also stimulate the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamic neurons, promoting the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol, thereby mediating the catabolic effects observed in cachexia.350 Following adrenalectomy, muscle catabolism is alleviated in mice, suggesting that the HPA axis may serve as a central pathway to mediate the impact of IL-1 on muscle degradation.351 IL-1 can be further classified into IL-1α and IL-1β on the basis of different coding genes.