MC4R and cancer: The activation of MC4R by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) released from POMC neurons inhibits appetite and food intake.64,65 Conversely, MC4R antagonists mitigate cancer cachexia through antagonizing central melanocortin signaling, stimulating appetite, and promoting anabolism.62,63 Recent research highlighted the anorectic effects of diverse biopeptides, especially lipocalin 2 (LCN2)66,67 and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1),68 which directly or indirectly modulate the melanocortin system to suppress appetite.