TNF and cancer: For example, upregulated NK cell activity was identified in a peritonitis-induced sepsis model.343 Furthermore, NK cells swiftly activate the immune system by producing cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, GM-CSF, and chemokines, which are canonical cachexia-associated factors.344 While the direct contribution of B lymphocytes to cachexia is less understood, the antibodies produced by B lymphocytes can modulate cancer cachexia progression by regulating immune responses and metabolic states.