The oxidative respiration channel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduces (NADH) and pyruvate to the mitochondria, which is facilitated by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH).163 Warburg’s seminal work in the 1920s highlighted that cancer cells preferentially convert glycolytic pyruvate to lactate, even under aerobic conditions.164. The gene discussed is PDP1; the disease is cancer.