The supplementation of vitamin B3 niacin enhances NAD+ levels and increases mitochondrial biogenesis to ameliorate muscle mass loss and metabolic disorders.272 Preemptive intake of nicotinamide riboside, a substrate for NAD+, significantly reduces the levels of the cachexia-inducing cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in a mouse model, decreases muscle-specific ubiquitin‒proteasome ligase activity, and inhibits lipolysis.273. Here, TNF is linked to Cachexia.