Fitness values were derived from DMS data, incorporating ACE2 binding affinity [43,46] and immune escape across five immunity types [18,19,42]: wild-type (WT) convalescent (WT infection), WT vaccine (three doses of CoronaVac), BA.1 + BTI convalescent (BA.1 infection postvaccination), BA.2 + BTI convalescent (BA.2 infection postvaccination), and BA.5 + BTI convalescent (BA.5 infection postvaccination) (S1 Table; Methods). The gene discussed is ACE2; the disease is infection.