Several widely prescribed pharmacological agents,including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, statins, carvedilol andranolazine, along with nutraceutical compounds such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10),N-acetylcysteine, and L-glutamine, have been shown to exert indirect modulatoryeffects on mitochondrial function and may represent potential therapeuticstrategies for the management of AF [122]. Here, ACE is linked to atrial fibrillation.