TNF and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Moreover, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 and hsCRP have been shown in children with ADHD [59], while n-3 PUFAS have been shown to increase the expression of BDNF, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB), which contribute to behavior and cognitive development and decrease the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in an in vitro study [62].