A notable study conducted by Yang et al. (2025) developed a nonpathogenic strain of E. coli that displays a decoy-resistant interleukin-18 (IL-18) on its surface; the bacteria function as a “tumor GPS”, targeting hypoxic tumor regions and enhancing the activity of CD8+ T cells and NK cells, while improving outcomes alongside CAR-NK therapy [23]. Here, IL18 is linked to neoplasm.