VEGFA and neoplasm: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) pathway has also been implicated in the development of PTBE, particularly in tumors with increased VEGF expression, which promotes vascular permeability and fluid leakage into the surrounding brain tissue.9-11 In addition, tumor-related venous obstruction can further exacerbate PTBE by impairing venous drainage and increasing pressure in the surrounding tissues, leading to further edema formation.7