Numerous studies have revealed that aberrant pathways, including transforming growth factor-β/Smad (TGF-β/Smad), Wnt/β-catenin, inhibition of kappa B (IκB)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), are involved in renal fibrosis 23, 26, 27. This evidence concerns the gene KEAP1 and renal fibrosis.