Parallel mechanistic studies utilizing THP-1-derived macrophages co-cultured with dose-escalated ESCC cells (0-10 Gy) demonstrated radiation-induced TAMs polarization through dose-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 and CD206, peaking at 8 Gy (Figure S1B-E). Here, CD274 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.