Overexpression of DYNLL1-AS1 in ESCC cells (OE-AS1; Figure S3F) yielded EVs that upregulated PD-L1 (Figure 4I, 4J, Figure S3G-I) and M2 markers (CD206, TGFβ, IL10, YM1/2) while suppressing M1 markers (CD80, CD86, TNFα, IL-12) (Figure S4A-I) in macrophages. Here, TNF is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.