Additionally, analysis of the GSE167523 dataset, comprising liver transcriptomic data from MASLD patients with simple steatosis (n = 51) and MASH (n = 47), revealed significantly higher SAMHD1 expression in MASH livers, further supporting the association between SAMHD1 upregulation and disease severity (Supplementary Fig. 1G). This evidence concerns the gene SAMHD1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.