HCC and matched non-cancerous tissues from five chimpanzees were examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry (β-catenin, ARID1A, TSC2, FAP, vimentin, TGF-β), whole-genome sequencing (one pair), and whole-exome sequencing (four pairs). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.