TNF and ischemic stroke: Following stroke, ischemia/reperfusion injury swiftly triggers the central nervous system’s immune response, with microglia and astrocytes secreting substantial amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, markedly elevating the risk of ischemic stroke.[38] Numerous studies have shown that inflammatory injury is crucial in secondary brain damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage.