Given these premises, and based on real-world clinical practice data, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of cardiac overload and HF risk, according to age- and comorbidity-adjusted NT-proBNP levels, in older COPD outpatients eligible for single-inhaler triple therapy (SITT) with no previous history of overt HF. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.